Growth, Maturation, and Physical Activity

Preface Acknowledgments Part I. Introduction Chapter 1. Introductory Concepts -Definitions and Context -Chronological Age and Age Groups -Why Study These Phenomena? -Types of Studies -Principles of Measurement and Observation -Overview of Postnatal Growth: Scammon's Curves -General Regulation of Growth and Maturation -Sources of Growth, Performance, and Activity Data -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 2. Prenatal Growth and Functional Development -Stages of Prenatal Growth -Sex Differentiation -Twins and Twinning -Prenatal Loss -Congenital Malformations -Fetal Growth -Fetal Motor Activity -Factors That Affect Birth Weight -Overview of the Prenatal Period -Fetal Origins of Adult Diseases -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Part II. Postnatal Growth Chapter 3. Somatic Growth -Measurements Commonly Used in Growth Studies -Growth in Stature and Body Weight -Growth of the Body Mass Index -Growth Patterns in Other Body Dimensions -Changes in Body Proportions -Adjusting for Variation in Body Size-Scaling -Tracking -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 4. Development of Physique -Concept of Somatotype -Methods in the Assessment of Physique -Somatotyping Children and Adolescents -Examples of Somatotypes of Individuals During Growth -Distributions of Somatotypes -Change in Somatotype During Growth -Tracking -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 5. Body Composition -Models of Body Composition -Methods for Estimating Body Composition -Applications to Children and Adolescents -Concept of Chemical Maturity -Composition of the Fat-Free Mass in Children and Adolescents -Changes in Body Density and Total-Body Water During Growth -Growth in Fat-Free Mass, Fat Mass, and Percent Fat -Tracking -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 6. Bone Tissue in Skeletal Growth and Body Composition -Bone Cells -Bone Formation -Growth of a Long Bone -Bone As a Component of Body Composition -Tracking -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 7. Skeletal Muscle Tissue -Muscle As a Tissue -Myogenesis -Muscle Fiber Types -Muscle Fiber Size -Contractile Properties of Muscle -Metabolic Properties of Muscle -Assessing Muscle Mass of the Body -Development of Muscle Tissue by Bodily Region -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 8. Adipose Tissue -The Fat Cell As a Complex Structure -Stages and Mechanisms of Adipogenesis -White and Brown Adipose Cells -White Adipose Tissue in Prenatal Life -White Adipose Tissue in Postnatal Life -Subcutaneous Fat Distribution During Growth -Abdominal Visceral Fat During Growth -Stability of Body Fat During Growth -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Part III. Functional Development Chapter 9. Heart, Blood, and Lungs -Features of Fetal Circulation -Cardiopulmonary Adjustments at Birth -Changes in Heart Size -Changes in Heart Functions -Changes in Features of Blood During Growth -Changes in Lungs and Respiratory Functions During Growth -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 10. Motor Development -What Is Motor Development? -Motor Pattern and Skill -Classifications of Motor Activities -The Newborn Infant and the Reflexes of Infancy -Motor Development -Birth to 2 Years of Age -Development of Independent Walking -Development of Fundamental Motor Skills -Early Motor Development and Growth of the Brain -Status at Birth and Subsequent Motor Development -Early Postnatal Growth and Motor Development -Overview of Motor Development -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 11. Strength and Motor Performance -Physical Fitness -Measures of Strength and Motor Performance -Performance in Early Childhood -Performance in Middle Childhood and Adolescence -Relationships of Strength and Motor Performance to Size, Physique, and Body Composition -Scaling of Strength and Motor Performance -Tracking -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 12. Aerobic Performance -Measurement Issues -Growth-Related Adaptations in Aerobic Performance -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 13. Anaerobic Performance -Anaerobic Versus Aerobic Energy Turnover -Determinants of Anaerobic Performance -Measurement Issues -Growth and the Determinants of Anaerobic Performance -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 14. Thermoregulation During Growth -The Physics of Heat Transfer -Physiologic Means of Thermoregulation -Responses to Heat Associated With Growth and Maturation -Acclimatization and Acclimation -Responses to Cold Climates -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Part IV. Biological Maturation Chapter 15. Biological Maturation: Concepts and Assessment -Assessing Skeletal Maturity -Assessing Sexual Maturity -Assessing Somatic Maturity -Assessing Dental Maturity -Interrelationships Among Maturity Indicators -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 16. Timing and Sequence of Changes During Adolescence -Adolescent Growth Spurt -Sexual Maturity -Sequence of Sexual and Somatic Maturity -Growth Spurts in Other Dimensions -Body Dimensions and Composition Relative to Peak Height Velocity -Growth Spurts in Performance -Performance Relative to Menarche -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 17.Maturity-Associated Variation in Growth and Performance -Classifying Children by Maturity Status -Maturity-Associated Variation in Body Size -Maturity-Associated Variation in Physique -Maturity-Associated Variation in Body Composition -Maturity-Associated Variation in Adipose Tissue Distribution -Maturity-Associated Variation in Strength and Motor Performance -Maturity-Associated Variation in the Adaptation to Exercise and VO2max -Maturity-Associated Variation in Anaerobic Performance -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Part V. Influencing Factors Chapter 18. Genetic Regulation of Growth, Maturation, and Performance -The Human Genome -The Human Gene -From Genes to Proteins to Phenotypes -Gene Expression -The Special Case of Mitochondrial DNA -Genetic Variation in Human Genes -The Multifactorial Phenotype -Genetics of Fetal Development -Genetic Influences on the Newborn -Genetics of Selected Growth Phenotypes -Genetics of Maturation -Genetics of Selected Performance Phenotypes -Examples of Growth-Related Genes -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 19. Hormonal Regulation of Growth and Maturation -Endocrine, Paracrine, Autocrine, and Intracrine Systems -Endocrine Hormones -Other Growth-Promoting Factors and Hormones -Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones -Growth Hormone and Related Growth Factors -Thyroid Hormones -Parathyroid and Calcitonin Hormones -Hormones From the Adrenal Medulla and Cortex -Gonadal Glands and Hormones -Insulin and Glucagon -Leptin -Regulation of Puberty -Menstrual Cycle -Overview of Hormones and Their Actions -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 20. Energy and Nutritional Requirements -Nutrients -Breast-Feeding and the Infant -Energy Needs -Energy Requirements for Growth -Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Energy Intake -DRI for Protein Intake -DRI for Lipid Intake -Carbohydrate Requirements -Vitamin Requirements -Mineral Requirements -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 21. Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure: Assessment, Trends, and Tracking -What Is Physical Activity? -What Is Energy Expenditure? -Methods of Assessing Patterns or Levels of Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure -Developmental Trends in Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure -Tracking of Physical Activity Levels -Correlates of Physical Activity Levels in Childhood and Adolescence -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 22. Physical Activity As a Factor in Growth, Maturation, and Performance -Physical Activity -Approaches to the Study of Physical Activity -Activity and Stature -Activity, Body Weight, and Body Composition -Activity and Physique -Activity and Specific Tissues -Activity and Biological Maturity -Overview of Activity, Growth, and Maturation -Activity, Fitness, and Performance -The Concept of Trainability -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 23. Undernutrition in Childhood and Adolescence -Criteria -Prevalence -Forms of Undernutrition -Undernutrition in Preschool Children -Undernutrition in School-Age Children -Long-Term Consequences of Undernutrition -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 24. Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence -Indicators -Criteria and Prevalence -Correlates of Overweight and Obesity -Consequences of Obesity for Children and Adolescents -Long-Term Consequences of Obesity -Treatment -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 25. Other Factors Affecting Growth, Maturation, Performance, and Activity -Social Conditions, Growth, and Maturation -Social Conditions, Motor Development, Performance, and Activity -Ethnic Variation in Growth and Maturity -Ethnic Variation in Motor Development, Performance, and Activity -Climate, Growth, and Maturity -Climate, Performance, and Physical Activity -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Part VI. Applications Chapter 26. Risk Factors During Growth and Adult Health -Primary and Secondary Prevention -Risk Factors for Common Metabolic Diseases -Current Risk Profile of Children and Adolescents -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 27. Chronic Clinical Conditions and Physical Disabilities -Selected Clinical Conditions That Affect Growth and Maturation -Physical Activity of Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions -Fitness and Performance of Children and Adolescents With Chronic Conditions -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 28. The Young Athlete -Participation in Youth Sports -Selection and Exclusion in Sport -Who Is the Young Athlete? -Stature and Weight of Young Athletes -Maturity Status and Progress of Young Athletes -Age at Menarche in Athletes -Physique of Young Athletes -Body Composition of Young Athletes -Motor Performance Characteristics of Young Athletes -Physiological Characteristics of Young Athletes -Does Training for Sport Influence the Growth and Maturity of Young Athletes? -Gymnastics and Ballet: Special Cases? -Overview -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Chapter 29. Secular Trends in Growth, Maturation, and Performance -Definitions -Sources of Secular Trend Data -Limitations and Assumptions in Secular Comparisons -Secular Trends in Body Size -Secular Trends in Body Proportions -Secular Trends in Indicators of Maturity -Secular Trends in Performance -Secular Trends in Developing Countries -Factors Underlying Secular Trends -Summary -Sources and Suggested Readings Suggestions for Individual and Group Activities Index About the Authors

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• Formação e treino desportivo
• Crescimento e desenvolvimento humano
• Biomecânica, cinética humana